#Glcm matlab 2012 series#

Volume reduction of parotid glands after RT has been observed in previous studies using computed tomography (CT) (Refs. Diagnostic tools able to accurately and efficiently measure parotid gland injury have yet to be introduced into the clinic.Д®arly imaging studies have employed CT, MRI, and ultrasound each imaging modality showed some degree of success. 1, 5 Nevertheless, the mechanism of salivary gland dysfunction is not yet fully understood. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 Recent advances in conformal RT enable us to spare the parotid glands while delivering adequate radiation doses to the tumor targets, and have thus opened up a new avenue to prevent xerostomia. 4 As demonstrated by previous prospective studies, the most important predictors for xerostomia are the radiation dose and irradiated volume within the parotid glands.

Xerostomia has been under extensive clinical investigation over the past two decades. 2 Furthermore, xerostomia is usually permanent, affecting many patientsвЂ™ quality of life (QOL) months and even years after their cancer treatment. 1 Patients with xerostomia frequently suffer from a wide range of conditions, such as pain, difficulty in speech and swallowing, increased rates of dental caries, and oral infection. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a common side effect in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) for their head-and-neck malignancies. The sonographic findings were consistent with the clinical observations of the ultrasound images: normal parotid glands exhibited homogeneous texture, while the postradiotherapy parotid glands exhibited heterogeneous echotexture (e.g., hyperechoic lines and spots), which likely represents fibrosis.Д¬onclusions: The authors have demonstrated the feasibility of ultrasonic texture evaluation of parotid glands and the sonographic features may serve as imaging signatures to assess radiation-induced parotid injury. Results: The authors observed significant differences ( p < 0.05) in all sonographic features between the normal and postradiotherapy parotid glands. A radiologist contoured the parotid glands on the B-mode images and the sonographic features were computed from the contoured region-of-interest. The 14 normal parotid glands served as the control group. Each participant underwent one ultrasound study in which longitudinal (vertical) ultrasound scans were performed on the bilateral parotids вЂ“ a total of 24 postirradiation and 14 normal parotid glands were examined.

The mean follow-up time for the postradiotherapy patients was 17.2 months (range: 12.1вЂ“23.9 months) and the mean radiation dose to the parotid glands was 32.3 Gy (range: 11.0вЂ“63.4 Gy). The sonographic features were tested in a pilot study of 12 postradiotherapy patients and 7 healthy volunteers. Altogether, sonographic properties of the parotid glands were quantified by their degrees of homogeneity (ASM and IDM), heterogeneity (contrast and variance), smoothness (correlation), randomness (entropy), and symmetry (cluster shade and prominence). We employed eight sonographic features: (1) angular second moment (ASM), (2) inverse differential moment (IDM), (3) contrast, (4) variance, (5) correlation, (6) entropy, (7) cluster shade, and (8) cluster prominence. These GLCM textural features were selected based on empirical observations that the normal parotid gland exhibits homogeneous echotexture, whereas the postradiotherapy parotid gland often exhibits heterogeneous echotexture.

#Glcm matlab 2012 series#

Methods: The authors have investigated a series of sonographic features obtained from the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) вЂ“ a second order statistical method of texture analysis. This study's purpose is to investigate sonographic textural features as potential imaging signatures for quantitative assessment of parotid-gland injury after head-and-neck radiotherapy. Diagnostic tools able to accurately and efficiently measure parotid gland injury have yet to be introduced into the clinic. Purpose: Xerostomia (dry mouth), secondary to irradiation of the parotid glands, is one of the most common side effects of head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy.